Formula
Force F = p × A. Push area = π × bore² ÷ 4; pull area = push area − π × rod² ÷ 4 (1 bar = 0.1 N/mm², so F in newtons = 0.1 × p in bar × A in mm²). Speed = flow ÷ area. Hydraulic power = p (bar) × flow (L/min) ÷ 600, in kW.
Standard / source
Basic fluid-power arithmetic (F = p·A, v = Q/A, P = p·Q). Cylinder, hose, fitting and valve ratings come from their makers' data sheets — there is no universal rating this tool can assume, which is why the rated pressure is a user-entered input with a hard gate.
Worked example
Bore 80 mm, rod 45 mm, pressure 200 bar, flow 20 L/min. Push area = π × 80² ÷ 4 = 5,026.55 mm², so push force = 0.1 × 200 × 5,026.55 = 100,531 N ≈ 100.5 kN. Pull area = 5,026.55 − 1,590.43 = 3,436.12 mm², so pull force ≈ 68.7 kN. Extension speed = 20 × 1,000,000 ÷ 60 ÷ 5,026.55 ≈ 66.3 mm/s; retraction ≈ 97.0 mm/s; hydraulic power = 200 × 20 ÷ 600 ≈ 6.67 kW. These are the calculator's default inputs (rated pressure 250 bar, so the gate passes), and it shows these values on load.
Safety note — qualified-person gate
SAFETY-CRITICAL SCREENING ONLY — not a system design, approval or compliance check. If operating pressure exceeds the rated pressure you enter, the calculator shows a STOP warning: do not run the system. Check the ratings of the cylinder, hoses, fittings and valves, the relief-valve setting and load holding, and have a qualified person verify the system before use. A force number alone does not make a hydraulic system safe.